HOW  THEY  SAY  IT 


IN  MISSIONARY  LANDS. 


PRICE,  FIVE  CENTS. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

WOMAN’S  FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY  OF  THE 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 

No.  1334  Chestnut  Street. 

1893. 


How  THEY  say  it. 


AFRICA. 


The  speech  of  Central  Africa  belongs  to  the 
great  family  of  languages  called  the  Bantu,  and  is 
divided  into  many  dialects.  The  Mpongwe  and 
Benga  include  variations  of  many  other  dialects  on 
the  western  coast,  and  were  first  reduced  to  writing 
by  our  missionaries.  Each  syllable  ends  in  a  vowel 
and  the  accent  is  on  the  syllable  next  the  last,  with 
exceptions  in  the  compound  words.  All  of  the 
vowels  are  pronounced.  The  letter  g  is  always 
hard,  and  u  is  always  oo— as  in  moon.  The  terms, 
Fang  or  Fan,  Fangwe  and  Pang  we  are  all  used 
for  the  one  great  and  fierce  tribe  inhabiting  the 
country  one  hundred  miles,  and  more,  back  of  the 
coast. 


Geographical 

Angom.  Pronounced 
Baraka.  “ 

Bata.  “ 

Batanga. 

Benita  or  Benito  “ 
Corisco.  “ 

Ekuku.  “ 

Enyonga.  “ 


Names. 

A-ngam. 

Bah  rah-kah. 

Bah-tah. 

Bah-tah-ngah. 

Bay-ne-tah. 

Ko-Hs-co. 

Ay-ku-ku. 

Ay-ngo-ngah. 


2 


Evune. 

Pronounced. 

Ay -ml. -nay. 

Kangwe. 

u 

Kaw-ngv:ay. 

Mbiko. 

U 

Mbe-ko. 

Olamba. 

<< 

O-lah-mba. 

Ogowe. 

u 

O-go-way. 

Talaguga. 

(( 

Tah-lah-goo-yah. 

Monies  and  their  Value. 

Dollars,  francs  and  shillings  are  used,  but  the 
value  of  any  civilized  coin  varies  among  different 
tribes,  and  at  different  distances  from  the  coast. 

5  yards  of  cotton  cloth  are  equivalent  to  one  dollar. 

5  bars  of  soap  “  “  “  “ 

10  common  china  plates  “  “  “  “ 

Decou  (Day-sou),  equal  to  ten  cents. 

Vinte  (Ve-ntay)  “  “  one  cent. 

The  natives  count  by  decimals,  always  on  the 
fingers,  repeating  until  one  hundred  is  reached, 
which  is  nkama  (nkah-mah),  “nothing  higher.” 

Weights  and  Measures. 

Igwera  (E-gweh-rah),  about  a  pound. 

Eguwa  (Ay-goo-wah),  a  fathom ;  a  length  of  cloth 
stretching  from  the  chin  to  the  arm’s  length. 

Distances. 

Nanda  (nah-ndah),  used  by  foreigners  for  a  mile 
but  rather  indefinite,  as  the  natives  use  the  word 
for  any  distance  from  one  resting  place  to  another, 
even  if  it  be  several  miles.  Long  distances  are 
measured  by  day’s  journeys. 


3 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 

Pronunciat  ion. 

Ah-kiiw-ndaw.  Plantain  used  for  food. 
Ah-nyah-mbay.  God  the  Creator. 
Bah-lo.  Canoe. 

Bwah-ngah.  Medicine,  the  same  word 
is  used  for  the  fetish 
charm  or  amulet. 

Cah-sah-vah.  The  root  of  a  plant 
beaten  and  cooked  for 
food. 


Ejanganavgobo .f  Ay-j ah  nga h -nah-hgo-bo.  Book. 

Blende. 

Ay-lay-nday. 

Boat. 

Etata. 

Ay -taw -taw. 

Banana ;  used  as 
fruit  only. 

i j 

Ezango .* 

Ay-zah-ngo. 

Book. 

Hangwe.  f 

Ha-ngway. 

Father. 

Ijua.  t 

E-ju-ah. 

Death. 

Hina  f. 

E-le-nah. 

Soul  or  Spirit. 

Inlinla .* 

E-ne-nah. 

Soul  or  Spirit. 

Ngwe .* 

Ng-way. 

My  mother. 

Iviri. 

E-ve-ree.  Shadow  of  a  person  or  tree. 

Jai.  f 

Ja-ye. 

My  mother. 

Jombo. 

Jo-mbah. 

Fish  cooked  in  plan¬ 
tain  leaves. 

Mebai. 

May-bi. 

Palavar  house  or  council. 

Mwana. 

Mwah -nah. 

Child. 

Mwanga.  f 

Mwah-ngah. 

Garden  or  plantation. 

Ngama. 

Ngaw-mah. 

Musical  instrument 
(drum.) 

Akanda. 

Anyambe. 

BwaloA 

Bwctnga. 

Cassava. 


fBenga.  *Mpongwe. 


4 


Nisiva. 

Pronunciation. 

Ne-swah. 

God. 

Njina. 

Nj  e-nah. 

Gorilla. 

Ntyaga .* 

Ntyah-gah. 

Garden  or  plantation 

Ntyigo. 

Ntye-go. 

Chimpanzee. 

Nyam. 

Nyahm. 

God  the  destroyer  of  life, 

Nyangue * 

Nya-nguay. 

Mother. 

Onenji. 

O-neh-njee. 

Teacher. 

Owaro .* 

O-wah-ro. 

Canoe. 

Paia.  f 

Pi-ah. 

My  father. 

Ren.* 

Ray-re. 

Father. 

Tata * 

Tah-tah. 

My  father. 

Udika. 

Oo-dee-kah. 

An  oily  nut. 

Ukuku.f 

Oo-koo-koo. 

Disembodied  spirit. 

Salutations. 

“  Mbolo.” 

Mbo-lo.  “ 

May  you  live  to  be  old.” 

“  Jonga  n!  ingeni .”  Jo-ngan’i-nge-ni.  “  Peace  be 

among  you.” 

The  daily  greeting  is  the  word,  “  Mbolo,”  liter¬ 
ally  “grey  hair,”  or  “May  you  live  long  enough 
to  have  grey  hair,”  or  grow  old.  With  savage 
tribes  the  expression  assures  the  stranger  that  his 
life  will  be  secure.  The  answer  is,  “  Aye,  Mbolo,” 
or  “yes,  the  same  to  you.” 

St.  John,  3d  Chapter,  16th  verse  (in  Benga  dialect.) 

“  Kabnjana  Anyambe  a  tandaki  he  ha  mwa  v&  Mwan ’ 
aju  umbdka  ovanZ  ndo  moto  whShSpi  a  kamadidS  via ,  a 
nyange ,  ndo  a  ka  diandi  na  egombe  yShSpi.” 


*Mpongwe.  f  Benga. 


5 


CHINA. 

The  Mandarin  language  which  is  spoken  in  all 
the  country  North -  of  the  Yangtse  Kiang,  and  in 
Western  China,  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  the 
world.  It  has  no  alphabet  but  214  radicals,  which 
are  combined  to  form  numerous  characters  each  of 
which  represents  a  word.  The  coast  provinces 
south  of  the  Yangtse  have  many  dialects,  which 
differ  widely  from  each  other,  and  also  from  the 
Mandarin ;  but  few  of  these  can  he  written  (except 
with  Roman  letters).  The  Mandarin,  and  also  what 
is  called  the  classical  written  language  or  style,  is 
read  by  beginning  at  the  right  and  reading  from 
the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  column,  toward 
the  left. 

Geographical  Names. 

(Words  of  two  syllables  are  about  equally  accented.) 

Pronunciation. 

Chinanfu.  Che-nan-foo. 

(Spelled  Tsi-nan  on  almost  all  maps.) 

Chi  Ning  Chow.  Che-ning-joe. 

Fa-ti.  Fa-tee. 

Haining.  Hay -nan. 

Hangkew.  Hang-queue. 


6 


Pronunciation. 


Ichowfu. 

E-chow-foo. 

Kiung  Chow. 

Ke-ung  Joe. 

Lien  Chow. 

Le-en  Joe. 

Macoa. 

Ma-cow. 

Mui  Luk. 

Nodoa. 

Peking. 

Pe- hying. 

Shantung. 

Shan-toong. 

Soochow. 

Soo-Joe. 

Tientsin. 

Teen-tzin. 

Wei  Hien. 

Way  He-en. 

Yang-tse  Kiang. 

Yang-ze-Kee-a  ng. 

(Tse,  tlie  hissing  sound  in  metz.) 
Yeung  Kong.  Yung  Kang. 


Monies  and  their  Value. 

Tael — (Tale.)  A  Chinese  ounce  of  silver,  worth 

about  $1 .40. 

Cash — (Chen.)  About  one  twelfth  of  a  cent. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

Kin — (hard  sound  of  g.)  A  Chinese  pound,  equal 
to  a  pound  and  one-third  of  our  weight. 

Distances. 

Li — (le.)  One  Chinese  mile,  or  one-third  of  an 
English  mile. 


7 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 


Pronunciation. 

Bunti. 

Boon-tee. 

Native. 

Ch’a* 

Tea. 

Chefoo. 

Prefect. 

Chekien. 

Je-he-en. 

District  magistrate. 

Chino. 

Chow. 

Sedan  chair. 

Chi-eh. 

Che-ah. 

Cart. 

Citing. 

City. 

Chow. 

Joe. 

Region,  used  as  a  termina¬ 

tion,  as  burg  is  in  English. 

Fa  Ti 

Fah-tee. 

11  Flowery  land.” 

Fu. 

Foo. 

Official  residence. 

Hakka. 

Immigrant  from  an¬ 

other  province. 

Joss  House. 

A  temple. 

Kang. 

(Iv  aspirated.)  Brick  bed  with  heat 

under  it. 

Kang. 

Yhon. 

Large  earthen  water  jars. 

Kiang. 

Kee-ang. 

River. 

King. 

Gh  ing. 

“  Capital  ”  (used  only  for 

Peking  northern,  and 

N  anking,  south’n  cap’l) . 

Koo  niang. 

Ivoo-nyung, 

Miss. 

Lao  ti-en  ye. 

Lou-te-en-yea.  The  Lord  of  heavem 

Le. 

Le-u. 

Donkey. 

*  Peking. 


8 


Pronunciation. 
Li-chee.  Ly-chee. 

Mi.  Me. 

Ning  Po. 

Sa7npans. 

Shao  Chi-eh.  Show  Che-a 

Shenza.  Shen-ze. 

“ShieShie”  Shi-eh  Shin 
Shin.  Shen. 


Tai  Tai.  Tie. 

Tantze.  Tan-ze. 

Ts’a* 

Yamen.  Ya  mun 

Yang  Kwei-ts.  Yung  gl 


A  kind  of  fruit. 

Rice. 

“  Peaceful  wave.” 

Boats. 

Wheel  barrow  (little 
cart.) 

Mule  litter. 

.  “Thank  you.” 

Native  term  for  Chinese 
gods,  now  used  by  Chris¬ 
tians  to  represent  the 
name  of  God. 

A  lady  of  rank. 

Order  of  exercises. 

Tea. 

Official  residence  of  a 
magistrate,  and  also  of 
higher  officials. 

i  dze.  F  oreigners  —  liter¬ 
ally,  foreign  devils. 


Salutations. 

l(Shien  Seng  Hao-ah.,}  Shan  Sung  How.  “  Mr.  is  it 

well  with  you  ?” 

“  Tsai  KienP  Dsi-Gee-an.  “We  will  meet  again.” 

A  Chinese  salutation  consists  in  joining  the  two 
hands  together  in  front  of  the  breast,  palm  to  palm, 
and  making  a  bow,  more  or  less  profound  according 
to  the  rank  of  the  person  saluted. 


*  E.  Shantung. 


9 


St.  John,  3d  Chapter  16th  verse. 

(In  Mandarin  Classical  language.) 


10 


INDIA. 

There  are  over  one  hundred  distinct  languages 
spoken  in  India,  and  a  great  many  more  dialects ; 
of  these  languages  not  more  than  ten  possess  any 
very  important  literature.  Hindustani  or  Urdu,  a 
mixture  of  Hindi  and  Persian,  is  understood  in  all 
the  large  towns  and  cities.  Hindi  is  read  from  left 
to  right,  and  Urdu  from  right  to  left.  Marathi  is 
the  language  used  by  our  missionaries  in  Southern 
.India. 


Geographical  Names. 

Pronunciation. 


Allahabad. 

UUa-hah-bahd. 

Ambala. 

Um-bdh-la. 

Ani. 

Ah-nee. 

Bindki. 

Bind-key. 

Bombay. 

Bom-bay. 

Calcutta. 

Kal-kut-ta. 

Dehra. 

Dey-ra. 

Dosnah. 

Bose-ndh. 

Etah. 

Ate-ali. 

Etawah. 

It-dw-wah. 

Farrukhabad. 

Fur-ruek-ah-bdhd. 

Fategarh. 

Futty-gur. 

Fatehpur. 

Futty-poor. 

Ferozepore. 

Feroze-poor. 

Gurshai. 

Goor-sah-high. 

Gwalior. 

Gwdh-lee-or. 

Harbans. 

Her-bdnce. 

Himalaya. 

Him-dwl-ya. 

11 


,  # 

Pronunciation. 

Hoshyarpur. 

Ho-she-dr  e-poor. 

Jahanabad. 

Jehan-a-bad 

Jagraon. 

Jug-rown. 

Jagadri. 

Jug-ud-ree. 

Jalandhar. 

Jull und-dhur. 

Jhansi. 

Jhon-see. 

Karanpur. 

Kwr-un-puor. 

Kartapore. 

Kur-ta-ponr. 

Katra. 

Kut-ra. 

Khanna.. 

Kun-na. 

Kodoli. 

Ko-do-lee. 

Kolhapur. 

Kola-poor. 

Land  our. 

Lan- dower. 

Lodiana. 

Lo-dee  dn-na. 

Mainpurie. 

Mine-poo-ree. 

Manihala. 

Money- hdlla. 

Miraj. 

Me-rddge. 

Morinda. 

Maw-rinda. 

Panhala. 

Pun-hdlla. 

Punjab. 

Pun-jdwb. 

Rakha. 

Ruck-ha. 

Ratnagiri. 

Rut-nvg-geerie. 

Rawal  Pindi. 

Rdw-wul-p  in-d  ee. 

Sabathu. 

Sab-dh-too. 

Saharanpur. 

Sa-hdh-r un-poor. 

Sangli. 

Sung- glee. 

Shadiatad. 

Shod-dea-tad. 

Sharakpur. 

Shir -ruck- poor. 

Shuruwar. 

Shoo-roo-were. 

12 


Pronunciation. 

Sutlej.  Sut-ledge. 

Tirvva.  Teer-war. 

Vagah.  Vah-ga. 

Monies  and  tlieir  Value. 


Mohur 

(Mo  boor). 

About  seven  dollars. 

Rupee 

Less  than  fifty  cents. 

Anna 

(Ah-na). 

One  sixteenth  of  a  rupee,  or 

two  and  a  half  cents. 

Pice 

One  fourth  of  an  anna,  or 

half  a  cent. 

Pie 

(Pye). 

One-third  of  a  pice,  or  one- 

sixth  of  a  cent. 

Measures. 

Gaz 

(Guz). 

One  yard. 

Gira 

(Gee-ra). 

One  sixteenth  of  a  yard. 

AVeiglits. 

Mauncl 

(Mund). 

About  82  pounds. 

Seer 

(Sare). 

Two  pounds. 

Chattak 

(Chut-tack.) 

Two  ounces. 

Distances. 

Kos 

(Cose). 

Two  miles. 

MU 

(Meal). 

One  mile. 

Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 

Pronunciation. 

Ung-graze.  English. 

Eye-ah.  Nurse. 


Angrez. 

Ayah. 


13 


Pronunciation. 


Baboo. 

Bahboo. 

Bengalee  gentleman. 

Bai. 

Buy. 

Tide  of  “lady.” 

Bakshish. 

Buck-sheesh. 

Fee  or  present. 

Bazaar. 

Bah-zar. 

Market  place,  shops. 

Begum. 

Bay -gum. 

Lady  of  rank  (title.) 

Bhajans. 

Bud-juns. 

Sacred  songs  set  to 
native  music. 

Bhisti. 

Bheese-tee. 

Water  carrier. 

Bibi. 

Bee-bee. 

Wife. 

Bunnia. 

Bun-nee-ah. 

Shop  keeper. 

Buddha  or  Siddartha.  Bood-dha.  Founder  of  Budd¬ 
hist  religion. 

Cantonment. 

Can-toon-ment. 

Military  station. 

Chanda. 

Chun-dah. 

Alms. 

Chawal. 

Chaw-wool. 

Rice. 

Charpai. 

Char-pie. 

Bed. 

Chirags. 

Chee-rahgs. 

Little  earthen  lamps. 

Chokidar. 

Chow-key-dahr. 

Watchman. 

Choola. 

Chew-lali. 

Fireplace. 

Chuddar. 

Chud-der. 

Head  sheet,  a  thin 
muslin  for  cover¬ 
ing  the  head. 

Coolies. 

Cool-lees. 

Porters. 

Dak  Gharry. 

De  hk-gah  rry. 

Post  carriage. 

Dandy. 

Dan-dee.  A  canoe  shaped  convey¬ 
ance,  in  which  Europeans 
are  carried  by  coolies  in 
the  mountains. 

Deccan. 

Duck-un. 

South  land. 

Dervish. 

Dur-vashe. 

A  religious  fanatic. 
(Mahomedan.) 

14 


Pronunciation. 


Dhobi. 

Dhobee. 

Washer  man. 

Ecka. 

Eck-ka. 

Two  wheeled  pony  cart. 

Fakirs. 

Fuk-ears. 

Religious  beggars. 

Gariwalla. 

Garry -walla. 

Driver  of  an  ox  cart. 

Gur. 

Goor.  Raw  sugar  made  from  cane. 

Hadji. 

Hah-iee.  A  Mahomedan  gentleman 

who  has  made  the  pil- 

grim  age  to  Mecca. 

Hakim. 

Huck-keem. 

Native  doctor. 

Hisab. 

Hiss-sahb 

Arithmetic. 

Holi. 

Ho-lee. 

A  Hindu  festival. 

Huqqa. 

Hook -k  a. 

A  pipe. 

Kafir. 

Cah-fear. 

Unbeliever. 

Kapra  Wolla. 

Cup-rah-wallah.  A  cloth  merchant. 

Kua. 

Coo-ali. 

A  well. 

Kurta. 

Coor-tah. 

A  small  coat. 

Mashak. 

Mush-uck. 

Goat  skin  bag  for  water. 

Mela. 

May-lah. 

A  religious  fair. 

Mem  Sahib. 

Maym  Sah-hib.  Mrs. 

Moulvie, 

Mowl-vee. 

Native  teacher. 

(Hindi.) 

Munshi. 

Moon-shi. 

Native  teacher  (Ma¬ 

homedan.) 

Nirvana. 

Near-vah-na.  Oblivion. 

Padre  Sahib. 

Pahd-re-Sah-hib.  Man  missionary. 

Palkee. 

Pall-key. 

A  n  enclosed  ca  rriage. 

Pujah. 

Poo-jali. 

Worship. 

Pundit. 

Pun-dit. 

Teacher  (Hindoo.) 

Punkah. 

Pung-kali. 

House  fan. 

Purdah. 

Pur-dah. 

A  curtain. 

Rajah. 

Rah-ja. 

Man  of  high  rank — 

petty  king. 


15 


Rani. 

Pronunciation. 

Rah-nee. 

Queen. 

Sardar. 

Sir-dar. 

A  head  man,  or  na¬ 

Saree. 

Sar-ree. 

tive  officer. 

A  sheet  used  as  an  outer 

Serai. 

Sir-6ye- 

garment  or  robe. 
Street. 

Sirkari. 

Sir-cah-ree. 

Belonging  to  the 

Sitar. 

Sit  tar. 

Government. 
Musical  instrument 

Suttee. 

Sut-tee. 

similar  to  a  guitar. 
Burning  of  a  widow 

Tandoor. 

Tun-du-er. 

with  the  dead  body 
of  her  husband. 

An  oven. 

Toolsi. 

Tull-see. 

A  sacred  plant. 

Tulwar. 

Tull-wahr. 

Native  sword. 

Wilayat. 

W  ull-eye-ut. 

The  foreign  country. 

Zenana. 

Zun-an-na. 

Part  of  the  house  occu- 

pied  by  the  women. 

Salutations. 

Salaam. 

Sah-lahm.  “ 

Good  morning”  (“peace 

be  to  you.”) 

The  salutation  is  made  by  bowing  and  touching 

the  forehead  with  the  hand  as  the  word  “  Salaam  ” 

is  spoken. 

(Hindustani  in  Roman  letters). 

St.  John,  3d  chap.  16th  verse. 

“Kyunki  Khuda  nejahan  ko  aisd  piydr  kiyd  hai,  ki  us 
ne  apnd  iklautd  Beta  bakhshd,  tdki  jo  koi  us  par  midn 
Idwe,  halak  na  ho  balki  hamesha  ki  zindagi  pdive.” 

This  text  is  generally  used  by  native  teachers 
and  preachers. 


16 


JAPAN  AND  KOREA. 

JAPAN. 

The  Japanese  use  Chinese  characters  largely  in 
writing ;  besides  these  they  have  letters  of  their 
own,  each  of  which  represents  a  syllable.  In 
writing  the  Japanese  with  English  letters,  the  con¬ 
sonants  have  the  same  sound  as  in  English  ;  but  the 
vowels  have  the  Italian  sound,  and  there  are  no 
accents. 

Geographical  Names. 


Eukui. 

Pronunciation. 

Foo-koo-e. 

Hakodate. 

Ha-fco-dah  ta. 

Hiroshima. 

He-ro-she-mah. 

Kanazawa. 

Kan  ah-zaw-wah. 

Kiusha. 

Kiu-shiu. 

Kyoto. 

Kee-o-to. 

Nagasaki.  . 

Nah-cjah-sa-kee. 

Osaka. 

O-sah-kah. 

Sapporo. 

Sap-po-ro. 

Takata. 

Tak-kah-tah. 

Tokyo. 

To-kee-o. 

Toyama. 

To-yah-mah. 

Tsukiji. 

Tskee-jee. 

Yamaguchi. 

Yah-mah-goo-chee. 

Yeso  (or  Hokkaido) 

Ye-so  or  Hok-kai-do. 

Yokohama. 

Yo-ko-hah-mah. 

17 


Monies  and  their  Value. 

Yen.  Silver  Dollar. 


Sen. 

A  cent. 

Pin. 

The  tenth  of  a  cent. 

Go-rin.  A  half  cent. 

Gold  and  paper  money  are  also  in  use. 

Weights  and  Measures. 


Kin. 

lbs. 

To. 

Sun. 

Shaku. 

Tsubo. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  bushel. 

One  inch. 

One  foot. 

Six  feet  square. 

A  house  is  built  for  a  certain  amount  per  tsubo. 

Distances. 

Pi  (Eee).  Equals  two  and  one-half  English  miles. 

Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 

Pronunciation. 

Cho  (Chinese.)  Street. 


Daimio. 

Dashi. 

Doshisha. 

Dai-mee-o.  Feudal  Lord. 

Dah-she.  Festival  car. 

Do-shee-shah.  College  of  Congrega¬ 
tional  mission  at 

Kioto. 

Fujinoyama.  Foo-jee-no-yah-mah.  The  highest 


Futon. 

Gakko. 

mountain  in  J  apan. 
Foo-ton.  Quilted  bed  spread. 

School. 

18 


Pronunciation. 


Gaku-in. 

Literary  hall  or 
college. 

Gekkin. 

Organ. 

Geta. 

Ga-tah. 

A  clog  or  wooden  shoe. 

Hai. 

Hah-ee. 

Yes. 

Haori. 

Hah-o-ree. 

Outer  garment  or  coat. 

Hibachi. 

He-bah-che. 

Fire  box  or  brazier, 
filled  with  charcoal. 

Hirakana. 

He-rah-kah-nah.  Japanese  letters 
(plain  or  common  kind.) 

In. 

A  hall. 

Itchi  kyo  huai. 

Union  church. 

Jesu  Kyo  or  3" 

asu-Kyo. 

“Jesus  doctrine,” 
Christianity. 

Jin. 

Man. 

Jinrikisha. 

Jin-reke-shah.  Small  two  wheeled 
carriage  drawn  by  men. 

Jizo. 

Je  zo. 

A  heathen  god,  lit¬ 
erally,  guardian  of 
children. 

Kago. 

Bamboo  basket  suspended 
from  a  pole  and  carried 
by  two  men,  the  convey¬ 
ance  used  in  crossing 
mountains. 

Kanji. 

Kan-iee. 

Superintendent. 

Kiaro. 

Ke-ar-o. 

Hand  stoves,  carried  in 
the  sleeves  to  keep 
the  hands  warm. 

Kimono. 

Ke-mo-no. 

Garment  or  robe. 

Kirislo  Kyokwai.  Ke-risto-keo-kwai.  Church  of 

Christ,  also  Pres¬ 
byterian  church. 


19 


Pronunciation. 

• 

Ko. 

Child. 

Kocho. 

Ko-cho. 

Principal  of  a  school. 

Koto. 

Harp. 

Kurima. 

Ku-ree-ma. 

Public  conveyance 
or  carriage. 

Kwaido. 

Church  building. 

Kwan. 

High  official. 

Kwazoku. 

Kwah-zok. 

A  nobleman. 

Kyo. 

(Kee-o) 

Teaching,  doctrine, 
instruction. 

Machi. 

Street. 

ilMata  Kimasu”  Mah-tah-Ke-mas.  “ I  will  come 

again.” 

Matsuri. 

Ma-tsoo-re. 

Eeligious  festival. 

Mia. 

Me-ah. 

Shinto  temple. 

Mikado. 

Me-kah-do. 

Emperor. 

Mochi. 

Mo-chee. 

Kice  cake. 

Obi. 

Obe. 

Sash  or  girdle. 

Okkasan. 

Ok-kah-san. 

Mamma,  or  mother. 

Okusama. 

Okoo-sah-mah. 

A  lady. 

Riki. 

Power. 

Samisen. 

Sah-ee-sen. 

Common  guitar. 

Sampan. 

Boat. 

San. 

Mr.,  Mrs.  or  Miss  (put 
after  the  name.) 

Sensei. 

Sen-sa. 

Teacher. 

Shu. 

Wheeled  vehicle. 

“ Shikataganai .”  She-kah-tah 

ga-nai.  11  It  is  inevit¬ 
able.” 

Shimbokwai. 

Sliim-bok-kwai. 

A  social  gathering. 

Shimbun. 

Newspaper. 

20 


Pronunciation. 


Shin  Kyo. 
Shogun. 

Shoji. 

Sobetsukuwai. 

Tatami. 

Tenshisama. 

Tera. 

Toni. 


New"  doctrine,  also 
Protestantism. 

Shogoon.  Formerly  the  highest 

official  in  Japan. 

Sho-jee.  Paper  partitions,  or 

sliding  door. 

So-ba-tsu-k-wai.  A  farewell  meeting. 
Tah-tah-me.  Mats,  3x6  ft.  in  size. 

Ten-she-sah-mah.  (Literally,  son  of 

heaven.) 

Ta-rah.  Buddhist  temple. 

Tore-ee.  Gateway. 


Salutations. 

“  Ohayo.”  O-hai-yo.  “  Good  morning,”  to  8  or 

9  o’clock. 

“  Kon  nichiwa  .”  “  This  day,”  from  9  to 

sunset. 

“Konban.”  “  This  night,”  or  after 

sunset. 

“ Savonara .”  Sah-yon-ah-rah.  “Good  night,”  or 

“Farewell,  if  it 
must  be  so.” 


The  Japanese  bow  in  meeting  or  parting  from 
each  other,  but  they  are  learning  to  imitate  foreign 
customs  and  shake  hands  with  foreigners. 

St.  John,  3d  chap.,  16th  verse.  (In  English  letters.) 

“  Sore  Kami  wa  sono  umitamaeru  hitorigo  wo  tamau 
hodo  ni  yo  no  hito  wo  aishitamaeri ,  ho  wa  subete  /care 
wo  shinzuru  mono  ni  horoburn  koto  naku  shite  kagirinaki 
inochi  wo  ukeshimen  ga  tame  nari.” 


21 


KOREA  OR  TA-CHOSUN. 


The  language  of  Korea  is  similar  in  construc¬ 
tion  to  the  Japanese.  Many  of  the  words  have  been 
imported  from  China,  but  neither  Japanese  nor 
Chinese  is  understood  when  spoken,  although 
Chinese  is  read  by  all  scholars.  With  the  excep¬ 
tion  of  a  few  slight  differences  in  dialect,  the  lan¬ 
guage  of  Seoul  can  be  understood  all  over  the 
kingdom.  The  written  characters  are  read  from 
the  top  down  and  from  right  to  left. 


Geographical  Names. 


Chemulpo. 

Eui  Ju. 

Fusan. 

Korea. 

Seoul  (or  Kyung-gi-do. 
Gensan. 


Pronunciation. 

Chee-mul-po. 

We-jew. 

Foo-sahn. 

Ko-ree-ah. 

)  Sow-oul. 
Ghen-sahn. 


Monies  and  their  Value. 

Cash — a  small  copper  coin  is  the  only  money. 
Large  numbers  of  these  are  carried  by  a  cord  passed 
through  a  hole  in  the  centre. 

1  puri,  is  5  cash. 

3000  cash  are  equal  to  a  silver  dollar. 

Weights. 

Korean  weights  are  the  same  as  Chinese. 

A  Kean  or  Catty  is  equal  to  1^  pounds. 

A  nyang  or  onnus  is  equal  to  of  a  keun. 

A  Ton  is  equal  to  j1^  of  a  nyang  or  onnus. 


22 


Measures. 

The  measures  used  in  the  city  differ  from  those 
used  in  the  country.  Land  is  measured  by  the 
quantity  of  grain  used  to  sow  it,  or  the  time  taken 
to  plough  it. 

Grain  is  measured  by  so  many  henp  or  handfuls 
to  make  a  sym  or  bag. 

Distances. 

Chi—  equals  one  inch. 

Cha —  “  one  foot. 

A  li  is  really  measured  by  time — 10  li  means  an 
hour’s  travel  by  coolies  on  the  plains,  the  distance 
is  less  on  the  mountains  because  the  coolies  travel 
more  slowly. 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 


Abagie. 

Literature. 

Father. 

Ahmounie. 

Mother. 

Chinas. 

Outside  silk  garment. 

Chogories. 

A  little  jacket  or  waist. 

Hapmun  or  Inguin.  King. 

Kamsah. 

High  official,  governor. 

Kilchung. 

Guest  house. 

Mee  Kook  saram. 

Americans. 

Pung  Sok. 

Custom. 

Quagas. 

Government  examinations. 

San. 

Mountain. 

Sarang-pang. 

General  reception  room. 

Tai. 

Great. 

23 


Tai  In. 

Wae  Yamen. 
Yang  ban. 
Yangeen. 
Yong  num. 
Yun. 


Great  man,  foreigner. 
Foreign  office. 
Gentleman. 
European. 

Official  residence. 
Kite. 


St.  John,  3d  Chap.,  16th  verse.  (In  Korean  characters.) 


H 

o| 

£ 

c=> 

53 

21 

cT 

°l 


oi 

UH 

3 

o| 

*11 

0_ 

AH 

% 

O 

ZL 

£| 

°H 


24 


MEXICO  AND  GUATEMALA. 


The  Spanish  language  is  spoken  in  Mexico  and 
Guatemala.  All  of  the  vowels  have  the  long 
English  sound,  except  the  letter  A  when  followed 
by  H.  The  letter  H  is  always  silent.  J  has  the 
sound  of  H.  The  letter  Z  is  always  pronounced 
like  S.  LI  is  pronounced  as  if  it  were  Y,  as  in 
Tortilla — Tor-tee-yah.  The  letter  N  with  a  cir¬ 
cumflex  over  it  is  like  n  and  y,  as  Mana — Man-yah. 
Words  ending  in  a  vowel,  or  n  or  s,  have  the  accent 
on  the  syllable  next  the  last,  these  ending  in  a  con¬ 
sonant  on  the  last  syllable. 


Geographical  Names. 


Guatemala. 

Pronunciation. 


Guatemala. 
San  Jose. 


Gwah-ta-mdh-lah. 

Sahn-Ho-sdy. 


Mexico. 


Acapulco. 

Cardenas. 

Comalcalco. 


Ah-cah-pool-ko. 
Kdhr-da-nahs. 
Co-mahl-kdhl-ko. 
f  Gah-ld-rah-da  Ko-ah- 
\  pe-yah. 

Gar-rd-ro. 

Fron-td-rah. 

Hah-kah-lah. 

Hah-lah-pah. 

Ma-re-dah. 


Galerade  Coapilla. 

Guerrero. 

Frontera. 


J  acala. 
Jalapa. 
Merida, 


25 


Pronunciation. 

Ozumba. 

O-soom-bah. 

Paraiso. 

Pah-rah-ee-so. 

j  Sahn  Hwahn  Be 

San  Juan  Bautista. 

l  tah. 

San  Luis  Potosi. 

Sahn  Loo-es  Po-to 

_  (  Sahn-Me-qal  d 

San  Miguel  del  Mezquital  j  fafajd 

Saltillo. 

Sahl-tee-yo. 

Tabasco. 

Tah-bdhs-co. 

Tixtla. 

Tes-tlah. 

Tlalpam. 

Tlahl-pahm. 

Toluca. 

To-loo-kah. 

Tuxpan. 

Toos-pahn. 

Vera  Cruz. 

V  rah-Croos. 

Zacatecas. 

Sah-kah-td-kahs. 

Zimapan. 

Se-mah-pahm. 

Zitacuaro. 

Se-tdh-kwah-ro. 

Monies  and  Their  Value. 

TJn  Peso—  (Oon  Pa-so.)  One  dollar. 

Real  y  medio — (Ra-ahl  e  ma-de-o.)  1B|  cents. 
Real — 12£  cents. 

Medio — 6  cents. 

Cuartillo — (Cwahr-tee-yo.)  3  cents. 

Tlaco — (Tlah-ko.)  H  cents. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

Arroba — (Ahr-r6-bah).  A  little  over  25  pounds. 
Libra—  (Lee-brah.)  A  little  over  1  pound. 

Onza — (On-sah.)  A  little  over  1  ounce. 


26 


Ouartillo — A  little  over  1  quart. 

Fanega  (Fah-na-gah.)  A  little  over  2  bushels. 
Cargo, — (Kahr-gah.)  4  bushels. 

Distance. 

Legua  (La-gwah.)  A  league,  over  2j  miles. 

Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 

Pronunciation. 

Aguacale.  Ah-gwah-cah-ta.  A  fruit. 

Aguador.  Ah-gwah-dor.  Water  carrier. 
Ahuahuetes.  Cypress  trees. 

Alameda.  Ah-lah-ma-dah.  Public  garden  or  park. 
Apartado.  Ah-pahr-tah-do.  Post-office  box. 


Ah-to-la. 

Ah-va-ne-dah. 
Ah-so  ta-ah. 
Kah-le  -an-ta. 
Kahl-sah-dah. 


Atole. 

Avenida. 

Azotea. 

Caliente 
Calzada. 

Calle.  Kah-ya. 

Chirimoya.  Che-re-mo-yah 
Cura.  Koo-rah. 

Divino  Salvador.  De-ve-ne  Sahl-vah-dor.  Divine 

Saviour. 

El  Faro.  A1  Fah-ro.  «  The  Lighthouse  ”  (relig¬ 
ious  newspaper). 

Feria.  Fa-re-ah.  A  fair. 

Fiesta.  he-as-tah.  Feast  or  holy  day. 


Gruel  of  corn  meal, 
chocolate,  &c. 

Avenue. 

Flat  paved  roof. 

Hot. 

Paved  road,  gravel 
walk,  highway,  or 
avenue. 

Street. 

A  fruit. 

Priest. 


27 


Pronunciation. 


Fonda. 

Fon-dah. 

Restaurant. 

Fria. 

Fr6-ah. 

Cold. 

Frijoles. 

Fre-ho-las. 

Beans. 

Hacendado. 

Ah-san-dah-do. 

Owner  of  the  hacienda. 

Hacienda. 

Ah-se-an-dah. 

A  large  farm. 

Jicaras. 

He-kah-rahs. 

Bowls  made  of  gourds 
and  painted. 

Lima. 

Le-mah. 

Lemon. 

Limon. 

Le-mon. 

Lime. 

Maguey. 

Mah-gay. 

A  century  plant. 

Manana. 

Man-yah-nah. 

To-morrow. 

Mensajero. 

Man-sah-ha-ro. 

“Messenger”  (religious 
newspaper). 

Mescal. 

Mas-kahl. 

Distilled  Pulque. 

Mesones. 

Ma-so-nas. 

Inns. 

3fetate. 

Ma-tah-ta. 

A  stone  hand  mill. 

Mozo. 

Mo-so. 

Servant. 

Noche  triste.  N6-cha-tres-ta. 

Sad  night. 

Orchata. 

Or-chah-tah. 

Summer  drink. 

Para  Orislo.  Pah-rah  Krfs-to.  1*  or  Christ. 

Paseo. 

Pah-sa-o. 

Promenade. 

Patio. 

Pah-te-o. 

Space  around  which 
the  house  is  built. 

Plaza. 

Pl&h-sah. 

Square  or  park. 

Portales. 

Por-tah-las. 

A  projection  of  the 
house,  forming  a  cov¬ 
ered  way  over  the 
sidewalk  and  sup¬ 
ported  by  pillars. 

Pulque. 

Pool-ka. 

Drink  made  from  cen¬ 
tury  plant. 

28 


Pronunciation. 


Bancheros. 

Rahn-cha-ros. 

Farmers. 

Bebozo. 

Ra-bo-so. 

Long  scarf,  worn  by 
women  about  the  head 
and  shoulders. 

Sarape. 

Sah-rah-pah. 

Blanket  with  a  hole  in 
the  middle  to  put 
the  head  through ; 
worn  by  men. 

Sombrero. 

Som-bra-ro 

A  hat. 

Templada. 

Tam-plah-dah. 

Temperate. 

Tierra. 

Te-ar-rah. 

Country,  or  region. 

Tilma. 

Tel-mah. 

A  man’s  outer  garment. 

Tortilla. 

Tor-tee-yah. 

A  sort  of  pancake  of  corn 
meal  that  partly  takes 
the  place  of  bread. 

Tuna. 

Too-nah. 

Fruit  of  the  cactus. 

Volcan. 

Vol-kahn. 

Volcano. 

Salutations. 

“  Buenos  diasP  Booa-nos  de-ahs.  “  Good  morning.” 

“ Buenas  tardesP  Boo-a-nahs  tar-dahs.  ‘‘Good  after¬ 
noon.” 

“  Buenos nochesP  Boo-a- nahs  no-chas.  “Goodnight.” 
“ Que  le  vaya  Ud  bienP  “May  it  be  well  with  you.” 
“ Que  no  tenga  Ud  novedadP  “May  you  keep  well.” 

The  Mexicans  greet  each  other  with  a  bow,  and 
always  shake  hands;  even  when  shopping,  they 
shake  hands  with  the  clerks. 

St.  John  3d  chapter ,  16th  verse. 

“  Porque  de  tal  manera  amo  Dios  al  mundo,  que 
ha  dado  a  su  Hijo  Unigenito,  para  que  todo  aquel  que 
en  El  creyere,  no  se  pier  da,  mas  tenga  vida  eternaP 


29 


PERSIA  OR  IRAN 


There  are  as  many  languages  in  Persia  as  there 
are  nations.  “Persians  generally  speak  Persian 
and  Turkish ;  the  former  is  the  court  and  the  latter 
the  business  language.  The  Persian  is  a  language 
rich  in  idioms  and  tones.”  Our  missionaries  gen¬ 
erally  need  to  understand  two  languages,  and  it  is 
often  a  great  hindrance  to  missionary  work  not  to 
be  able  to  speak  three  or  four.  Those  in  Teheran 
and  Hamadan  use  the  Armenian  and  Persian;  in 
Salmas  and  Tabriz  the  Armenian  and  Turkish;  in 
Oroomiah,  modern  Syriac  and  Turkish,  and  in 
Mosul  the  Syriac  and  Arabic.  “A”  has  the  sound 
of  “Ah”  when  marked,  and  in  the  Persian  the  ac¬ 
cent  is  generally  on  the  last  syllable ;  in  Syriac  it 
is  on  the  next  to  the  last  syllable.  Armenian 
is  read  from  left  to  right;  Turkish,  Persian  and 
Syriac  from  right  to  left. 


Geographical  Names 


Haft  Dewan. 

Hamadan. 

Ispahan. 

Mosul. 

Oroomiah. 

Tabriz. 

Teheran. 


Tiary. 


Pronunciation. 
Haft- Dewan. 
Ham-a-ddn. 
Is-pd-hdn. 
Mo-sool. 
O-roo-me-ah. 
Tab  -reez. 
Tay-e-rdn. 
Tee-d-ry. 


30 


Monies  and  their  Value. 

Tomar. — about  $1.50. 

Kran — (Fifteen  cents)  10  Kran  in  a  Toman. 
Pen-na-bdd — Half  a  Kran. 

Sha-hee — (Copper  coin  worth  about  f  a  cent)  20 
Shahee  in  a  Kran. 


Weights 


Man ,  or  BoC — a  term  for  several  different  weights, 
6j,  7  and  34  pounds. 

Char-dk — a  quarter  of  some  larger  weight. 
JJirahm  (dr-a-m) — nearly  a  pound. 

Measures. 

Zar  (Zare) — usually  30  inches. 

Ar-sheen — 27  inches,  and  sometimes  42  inches. 

Distances. 

Farsang — equal  to  three  miles  in  some  places, 
but  longer  in  other  places. 

Words  used  in  Missionary  Literature. 


Pronunciation. 

Abba. 


Cloak. 


A 

Aboona.  A-boo-na. 
Aglia. 


Bishop. 


Landlord,  master  or 


Mr. 


Ameer-i-Nizam. 

Anderoon. 


Commander  of  army. 


The  women’s  apart¬ 
ments  in  a  Turkish 
or  Persian  house. 


31 


Beg. 

Pronunciation. 

A  title  of  nobility  of 
lowest  degree. 

Berun. 

Bheestee. 

Bee-rune. 

Men’s  apartments. 
Water  carriers. 

Cajavahs. 

Boxes  slung  on  each  side  of 
a  horse,  in  which  pas¬ 
sengers  are  carried. 

Chavadar. 

Char-va-dar. 

Muleteer. 

Cnooshya. 

Cnosh-ya. 

Presbytery  or  Assembly. 

Ferangi. 

Fer-ang-ee 

Foreigner. 

Henna. 

Hen-na. 

A  juice  from  a  plant, 
used  to  stain  the  hair 
and  finger  tips. 

Injil. 

In-jeel. 

New  Testament. 

Kasha. 

Ka-sha. 

Pastor  or  priest. 

Ket-Khoda .* 

Klian. 

Head  man  of  a  village. 
A  titled  nobleman. 

Ko-Khd.\ 

Koomnah. 

Koorsee. 

Lacheela. 

Mar. 

• 

Head  man  of  a  village. 
Meat  cooked  and  stored 
for  use. 

A  low  table  placed  over 
a  vessel  of  coals,  and 
spread  with  quilts, 
around  which  the  Per¬ 
sians  sit  for  warmth. 

Head  dress. 

Prefix  to  Bishop’s  name 

— lord. 

Mesta.-f  Curds. 

Moharrdm.  Month  of  mourning  among 

Persian  Mohammedans. 


*  Persian,  f  Syriac. 


32 


Pronunciation. 


Mongol. 

Brazier  of  charcoal. 

Mosul. 

The  city  from  which 
comes  the  word  muslin. 

Muezzin. 

Mu-6z-zin. 

Priest  who  gives  the 
call  for  prayer  three 
times  a  day  from  the 
roof  of  the  mosque. 

Mullah. 

Teacher  or  priest. 

No  Ruz. 

No-Rooz. 

Persian  New  Year’s  day. 

Barevs. 

Bar-evs. 

Salutations. 

Proots. 

Protes. 

Protestants. 

Rdbi. 

Baby. 

Teacher. 

Rais* 

Kay-ees.  Head  man  of  a  village. 

Ramazan. 

Ram-a-zan. 

Month  of  Mohamme¬ 
dan  fasting. 

Serparast. 

Sub-governor. 

Sertib. 

General  of  army. 

Shamdsha. 

Sham-a-sha. 

Deacon. 

Shah. 

The  king  of  Persia. 

Sheikh. 

Chief  of  a  tribe  or  village, 
and  also  a  religious  chief. 

Su  Hauck. 

Colonel. 

Tacht-ra-vdn. 

A  closed  or  curtained  con¬ 
veyance  without  wheels, 
with  poles  extending 
before  and  behind  like 
shafts,  by  which  it  is 
slung  on  horses’  backs. 

Yagoort* 

*  Turkish. 

Curds,  a  very  com¬ 
mon  article  of  diet. 

33 


Salutations. 

“Salaam — a  lai  Koom”  (Persian  and  Turkish.) 

“Peace  to  you.” 

Shldmd  tokh  (Syriac — masculine.)  “Peace  to  you.” 
Shldmd  lakh  (  “  feminine.)  “  “ 

Khoda  Hafiz — “God  keep  you.”  Persian  and 

Turkish  “farewell.” 

The  Persians  salute  one  another  with  the  right 
hand  raised  to  the  breast,  and  an  inclination  of  the 
body  more  or  less  profound,  as  the  person  saluted 
is  of  higher  or  lower  rank. 

St.  John ,  3d  Chap.,  16th  verse. 


34 


SIAM,  OR  MUANGr  TI. 

The  Siamese  language  is  one  syllabled,  and  is 
called  a  “tone”  language,  because  the  same  words 
spoken  in  five  different  tones  may  mean  five  differ¬ 
ent  things.  The  accent  is  generally  on  the  last 
syllable.  The  alphabet  has  forty-four  letters  be¬ 
side  the  vowels.  It  is  read  from  left  to  right,  as 
the  English  language.  The  same  language  is  used 
all  over  the  country. 

Geographical  Names. 

Ayuthia.  Called  by  natives  Kroong  Kon  (ancient 


capital). 

Pronunciation. 

Bangkaboon. 

Bang-ka-boon. 

Ban  Laam. 

Ban- Laam. 

Menam. 

Me-ndm. 

Pak  Talay. 

Pak  Ta-ldy. 

Petchaburee. 

Petcha-boo-ree. 

Kajburee. 

Baj-boo-ree. 

Siam. 

Seedhxn. 

Somray. 

Sam  Bay. 

Tharua  Banphai. 

Ta  rua  Ban  pax. 

Monies  and  Tlieir  Value. 

Bat  or  Tical. — (Ba-at.)  About  60  cents. 


35 


Weights. 

The  coins  of  the  country  are  the  standard  of 
weight. 

Bat  or  Tical.  About  half  an  ounce. 

Tumlung. — (Tam  lung.)  “  2  oz. 

Chang. — (Chang.)  “  40  oz. 

Hap. — (Ha-ap.)  a  133  lbs. 

Measures. 

20  Kanan — (Ka-nan)  make  a  Tang  (bucket). 

100  Tangs  “  Kean  (cart). 

Distances. 

Sen. — 130  feet.  40  Sen. — One  mile. 

400  Sen. — One  yote.  1  yote. — Ten  miles. 

Time. 

The  Siamese  language  has  no  equivalent  for  week. 

6  Natee. — (Na-tee.)  Make  1  Bat  (1-10  of  an  hour). 

10  Bat.  “  _  1  Mong  (hour). 

12  Mong.  “  1  Wan  (day). 

29  or  30  Wan.  11  1  Duan  (month). 

12  or  13  Duan. — (Du-an.)  Make  1  Pee. 

Pee. — A  year. 

r 

Wan  Atit. — (Atet.)  Sunday. 

“  Chan. — (Chaan.)  Monday. 

“  Ang  Kan. — (Ang  Kan.)  Tuesday. 

“  Phoot. — (Phoot.)  Wednesday. 

“  Phra  Hat. — (Plira  Hat.)  Thursday. 
a  Sook. — (Sook.)  Friday. 

‘£  Sou. — (Sou.)  Saturday. 


36 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 

Pronunciation. 


Bat. 

Foot. 

Bideeka. 

Bi-dee-ka. 

Priest  of  the  royal  temple. 

Boon. 

Merit. 

Boore  or  Bee. 

Providence. 

Bek. 

Little  children. 

Kancm. 

Cocoanut  shells. 

Kapick. 

Ka-p6k. 

Kotten  fish  pounded  to 
a  jelly,  and  used  for 
flavoring. 

Kon  Neo. 

Rice  (glutinous). 

Kroo. 

Teacher. 

Luk  On. 

Look  On. 

A  baby. 

Maak. 

Leaves  of  a  plant  (pep- 

per  family),  which, 
used  with  Betal  nut 
and  lime,  stains  the 
teeth  black. 


Mem. 

Menam. 

Mera. 

Niphan. 

Panoonq. 

Pm. 

Prabat. 

Pra  Kroo.  Phrae-Kroo. 
Prci  Pralat.  Phra  Pralat. 


Mong-koot. 

A  fruit. 

Lady,  or  lady  missionary. 

Me-nam. 

River,  literally,  mother 
of  waters. 

Malaa. 

“Mem  has  come.” 

Ne-pan. 

Oblivion,  Nirvana. 

Pa-noong. 

Waist  cloth  or  skirt. 
Excellent,  divine,  sacred. 

Phra-bat. 

The  fool  of  Buddha. 

Priest  of  the  royal  temple. 
Lieutenant-Governor. 


37 


Pronunciation. 

Samret  Chow.  An  order  of  the  priesthood. 


Sang. 

Somepan.  Some-pan. 

Tide.  Too-e. 

Wan  Phra. 

Wat. 


Glory. 

Head  priest  of  the  com¬ 
mon  temple. 

Little  cup. 

A  sacred  day. 

A  temple. 


Salutations. 

“ Sa-bi  Pud  “Are  you  well?” 

“La-pi-kawn”  “I  take  my  leave  before  I 

go” — equivalent  to  our 
“good-bye.” 

The  Siamese  bow  in  greeting,  and  lift  the  hands 
placing  palm  to  palm.  For  greater  reverence  they 
kneel  and  lift  the  hands  in  the  same  way. 


St.  John  3d  chapter,  16th  verse. 


mi i T) mimm m trotting  wm 
itevmi m mzm,  mvnmfiKmfidu vm 

f  ■  7  i  * 

isSlnainns/,  ufi  is «  Siwnn 


38 


LAOS. 


Language. 


The  Laos  is  also  a  “tone  language/’  but  it  has  no 
plural,  “all”  or  “many”  being  prefixed  to  the 
singular  to  make  the  plural.  While  it  is  very  like 
the  Siamese,  it  has  a  wholly  different  written  char¬ 
acter.  The  Laos  character  was  first  printed  by  our 
missionaries  in  1892.  It  is  read  like  the  English, 
from  left  to  right. 


Geographical  Name. 


Pronunciation. 

Che-ung  Hi. 

Che-ung  Mi. 

C  he-ung-Sdn. 

La  kawn. 

La  poon. 

Meh  Hawk  Hang. 
Meh  Ping. 

Meh  Wring. 

Pa-P6w  (as  in  cow). 


Cheung  Hai. 
Cheung  Mai. 
Cheung  Saan. 
Lakawn. 

Lapoon. 

Maa  Dawk  Dang. 
Maa  Ping. 

Maa  Wang. 

Pa  Pow. 


Monies  and  Tlieir  Value. 

Rupee. — (Ru-pee.)  37  cents,  at  the  present  rate 
of  exchange. 

Att. — About  one  cent. 

Sailing. — (Sa-loong.)  A  silver  coin,  about  one  dime. 
Tical. — (Te-call).  A  Siamese  coin,  about  60  cents. 
Win. — 2  annas,  equal  to  five  cents,  the  smallest 
silver  coin. 


39 


Weights  and  Measures. 

Weights  and  measures  have  no  English  equiv¬ 
alents.  They  are  arranged  by  decimals,  as  toy,  pun, 
mun,  san  (hundred,  thousand,  ten  thousand,  hun¬ 
dred  thousand.) 

Distances. 

Distances  are  generally  indicated  by  the  time 
required  to  travel  them.  A  journey  of  seventy- 
five  miles  is  spoken  of  as  “three  nights,”  that  is, 
travelers  will  camp  three  nights  on  the  way. 
Eighteen  miles  would  be  one  day,  twelve  miles 
four  hours. 

2  Kiip  or  Span  make  a  Sawk. 

4  Sawks  (from  elbow  to  finger  tip,  a  cubit,)  make 
one  W ah. 

One  Wah  6  feet,  or  the  length  a  man  can  stretch 
with  his  arms. 

1000  Wahs,  H  miles. 

[Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 


Literature. 

Pronunciation. 


Ban. 

Village. 

Chang. 

Elephant. 

Hua. 

Hoo-a. 

Boat. 

Khon. 

Rhone. 

Human  being. 

Khovo. 

(ow  as  in  cow 

).  Rice. 

Kroo. 

Teacher  or  missionary. 

La  awn. 

L,  on. 

Child. 

Maa  Kroo. 

Meh  Kru. 

Missionary  wife,  or 

lady  teacher. 


40 


Pronunciation. 

Maa  Dawk  Dang.  Meh-Dawk  Dang. 
Maa  Leung.  Meh  L6e-ung. 


Ni.  Nai. 


Ngun. 

Pa-Kroo. 

Paw  Leung.  Paw  Lee-ung. 
Poo  Chai. 

Poo  Sawn. 

Poo  Ying. 

Pra  Chow,  (as  in  cow.) 

Pra  Kam  Fe. 

Pra  Nyasu. 

Sala.  Sah-lah. 

Wat. 


Red  flower  town. 

Physician’s  wife,  or  lady 
physician. 

Title  of  respect — Mr., 
Miss,  Madam,  or 
lady,  generally  given 
to  unmarried  mis¬ 
sionary  ladies. 

Money. 

‘‘  Father  teacher,”  (an 
elderly  missionary}. 

Physician. 

Man. 

One  who  teaches. 
Woman. 

God  (applied  also  to 
Buddha  and  to  the 
king  of  Cheung  Mai.) 

Bible  or  Scriptures,  used  for 
any  sacred  writings,  Chris¬ 
tian  or  Buddhist. 

Lord  Jesus. 

Rest  house  for  travelers. 
Temple. 


Salutations. 


“Pirn.”  Pie  Nie. 
11  Pi  ni  ma ” 

“  Chi  pi  kon.” 

“  Yu  dee  ka.” 

“  Yu  dee.” 

Or  “  Baw  so  dee.” 


“Where  are  you  going?” 
“Whence  do  you  come”?” 
“I  will  go  now.” 

“Are  you  well?” 

“I  am  well.” 

“Not  very  well.” 


41 


The  Laos  are  not  demonstrative,  the  gesture  of 
reverence,  called  “wy,”  made  by  bowing  the  head 
over  the  hands  placed  together,  the  palms  open 
and  the  thumbs  up,  varies  according  to  the  sup¬ 
posed  dignity  of  the  person  addressed,  whether 
king,  nobleman,  or  person  of  rank. 


THE  LORD’S  PRAYER  IN  LAOS, 


42 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

BRAZIL. 

Portuguese,  the  language  spoken  in  Brazil, 
contains  twenty-seven  letters.  There  are  slight 
differences  in  pronounciation  in  different  parts  of 
the  country,  but  no  dialects.  The  construction  of 
the  language  and  the  idioms  are  very  like  the 
French. 

Geographical  Names. 

Pronunciation. 


Bahia. 

Bah-ee-ah. 

Botucatu. 

Bo-too-ca-tdo. 

Brotas. 

Bro-lahs. 

Caldas. 

Kdl-das. 

Cam  pan  ha. 

Kahm-pdhn-yah . 

Curityba. 

Coo-ree-tee-ba. 

Fartura. 

Far-too-ra. 

Jaliu. 

Jah-hoo. 

Larangeiras. 

Lah-rahn-jay-rahs. 

Novo  Friburgo. 

Nd-vo-Fre-bdor-go. 

Parana. 

Pah-rah-ndh. 

Rio  Janeiro. 

Bee-o  Jahn-ee-ro. 

Rio  Claro. 

Bee-o-Cldr-o. 

Sao  Paulo. 

Soun  Pdw-lo. 

Santos. 

San-tus. 

Sergipe. 

Sur-gee-pee. 

Sorocabo. 

So-ro-cd-bo. 

43 


Monies  and  their  Value. 

Conto  of  Reis  (Konto-Rays),  $500.00. 

Milreis  (Meel-rays),  about  fifty  cents. 

Pataca  (Pah-tah-cah),  16  cents. 

Tostdo  (Tus-town),  5  cents. 

Vintem  (Vin-tame),  1  cent. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

The  French  metrical  system  is  used. 

The  unit  of  weight  is  Uma  Gramma,  a  little  over 
15  grains.  Kilo  Gramma,  usually  called  “  UmKilo” 
a  little  over  2  lbs.  Arroba  (Uma  Arroba),  32  lbs. 
Metre — equal  to  1  yd.  4  inches. 

Kilo-metre — equal  to  f  of  a  mile. 

Distances. 

Lequa  ^Leg-wah).  A  league,  equal  to  four  of 
our  miles. 

Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 


Aula. 

Pronunciation. 

OwT-ah. 

School-hours  or 

sions. 

Bene  cio. 

Ben-soun. 

Blessing. 

Bond. 

Street  cars. 

Cafezal. 

Cah-fee-zahl. 

Coffee  plantation. 

Caixa. 

Kai-sha. 

Post  office  box. 

Casa. 

Kah-zah. 

House. 

Cereja. 

Seh-ray-jah. 

Cherry  trees. 

Chacara. 

Shah-cah-rah. 

Country  place. 

Cidade. 

feee-dah-dee. 

City. 

44 


CoUegio. 

Pronunciation. 

Kol-lesh-ee*a.  School. 

Culto. 

Kuhl-tu.  Religious  service. 

Fazenda. 

Fah-zen-dah.  Farm  or  plantation. 

Fazendiero. 

Fah-zen-day-roo.  Planter. 

Fschola. 

Eh-skol-ah.  College. 

Fegas. 

Fay-gahs.  Blk  beans. 

Ferias. 

Fay-ree-ahs.  Vacation. 

Mate. 

Mah-tah.  Paraguyan  tea  (plant). 

Meninas. 

Mee-ne-nahs.  Girls. 

Ministro. 

Meeneestro.  Clergyman. 

Oracdo. 

Ore-ah-soun.  Prayer. 

Quintal. 

Iveen-tahl.  Garden. 

Santa  Biblia. 

Sahn-tah-Bee-blee-ah.  Holy  Bible. 

Semestre. 

Seh-mess-tree.  Half  year  school  term. 

Senhor. 

Sen-yor.  Mr.  or  Sir. 

Senhora 

Sen-yor-ah.  Mrs. 

Trolley. 

Buck  board. 

°  Bon  dia.” 

Salutations. 

Bong-dee-a.  “Good  morning.” 

u  Boa  tarde .”  Bo-a-tar-dee.  “  Good  evening1.” 

“  Como  esta  a  senhora  ”  (Com-oo-es-tali  a  sen-yor-a). 

“  How  do  you  do,  madam.” 

South  American  people  bow  and  shake  hands  as 
in  North  America,  only  much  oftener  and  more 
profoundly. 

St.  John,  3d  chapter,  16th  verse. 

u  Porque  de  tal  maneira  amou  Deus  ao  mundo,  que 
deu  a  seu  Filho  unigenito,  para  que  todo  aquelle  que 
n’ die  ere ,  nao  perega,  mas  tenha  a  vida  eternal  ’ 


45 


CHILE,  COLOMBIA. 

The  Spanish  language  is  spoken  in  Chile  and 
Colombia,  and  is  very  easy  to  pronounce.  The 
letter  h  is  always  silent,  but  j  and  sometimes  g 
have  the  sound  of  h.  Z  is  always  pronounced  like 
s.  LI  is  pronounced  as  if  it  were  two  different 
letters,  as  in  Tortilla— Tor-teel-yah.  The  letter 
n  with  a  circumflex  over  it  is  also  like  two  letters, 
n  and  y — as  mafia  man-yah,  ch  is  like  one  letter,  as 
ch — in  church. 

Geographical  Names. 


Chile. 

Pronunciation. 

Caldera. 

Kal-ddy-rah. 

Chile. 

Chee-leh. 

Chilian. 

Cheel-yan. 

Concepcion. 

Con-sep-see-own. 

Copiapo. 

Co-pee-ah-po. 

Quillota. 

Keel-yo-tah. 

Santiago. 

San-tee-dh-go. 

Valparaiso. 

Val-para-ee-so. 

Colombia. 

Barranquilla. 

Bar-ran-keel-ya. 

Bogota. 

Bo-go-tah. 

Cartagena. 

Car-ta-hay-na. 

Honda. 

Own-da. 

Magdalena. 

Mag- da- lay-  na. 

Medellin. 

May-del-yeen. 

Socorro. 

So-cor-ro. 

Sogamoso. 

So-ga-mo-so. 

Zipaguira. 

Zee-pay -gwe-r  ah. 

46 


Monies  and  their  Value. 

The  currency  of  Chile  is  the  same  as  U.  S. 
dollars  and  cents. 

Peso  (Pay-so),  one  dollar. 

Pesita  (Pay-see-ta),  20  cents. 

Peal  (Ray-al),  10  cents. 

Medio  (May-tee-o),  5  cents. 

Quartillo  (Quar-teel-yo),  2J  cents. 

Centavo  (Sen-tah-vo),  1  cent. 

The  English  weights  and  the  French  metric 
system  are  used. 

Distances. 

Legua  (Lay-gua).  A  league,  3J  of  our  miles. 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 


Aguardienti. 

Alamo. 

Alquilados. 

Americano. 

Brazos. 

Calle. 

Colegio. 

Escuela. 


Pronunciation. 

Ah-gwar-di-en-teh.  Native  brandy. 
Ah-la-mo.  Poplar  tree. 

Al-quee-lah-dos.  Servants. 
Ah-may-ree-cah-no.  American. 
Brah-sos.  Field  hands. 

Cal-yeh.  Street. 

Co-lay-hio.  Higher  College  School. 
Es-quay-la.  School. 


Escuela  Popular.  Es-quay-la  Po-poo-lar.  Day  school. 
Fiesta.  Fee-es-tah.  Holy  day,  feast. 

Gringo.  Gree-ngo.  Foreigner. 

Hacienda.  Ah-se-en-dah.  Station  or  farm. 


47 


Pronunciation. 


Heraldo. 

Ay-ral-do. 

u  Herald,”  a  religious 
newspaper. 

Iglesia. 

Ee-glay-sia. 

Church. 

Jnstituto 

Internacional.  In-stee-too-to.  Inter-na- 
see-o-nall.  Higher  Academy  or  College. 

Limosna. 

Lee-mos-na. 

Alms. 

Madre. 

Mah-dreh. 

Mother. 

Mantilla. 

Man-tee-ya. 

Shawl  or  cape  worn 
over  the  head. 

Padre. 

Pah-dreh. 

Father. 

Patio. 

Paht-yo. 

Court  of  a  dwelling. 

Peons. 

Pay-own-es. 

Peasants. 

Poncho. 

Pon-cho. 

Cloak  made  of  a  square 
of  cloth,  with  a  hole 
in  the  middle  for  the 
head  to  go  through. 

Senor. 

Sen-yor. 

Sir  or  Mr. 

Senora. 

Sen-yora. 

Mrs.  or  lady. 

Salutations. 

Buena  Noche.  Boo-ay-na  N6-cheh.  u  Good  night.” 
Buena  Dias.  Boo-ay-na-Dee-as.  “  Good  morning.” 


Gospel  of  St.  John,  3d  Chapter,  16th  verse. 

“  Porque  de  tal  manera  amo  Dios  al  mundo,  que  ha 
dado  a  su  Hijo  Uni.genito,  para  que  todo  aquel  que  en 
el  cree,  no  se  pierda,  mas  tenga  vida  eterna.” 


48 


SYRIA. 

Arabic  is  the  only  native  language  used  by  our 
Mission,  in  preaching  or  publication.  It  has 
twenty-eight  letters,  and  is  written  from  right  to 
left.  Its  pronunciation  is  difficult,  because  of  the 
gutturals,  which  have  no  equivalents  in  English. 

Geographical  Names. 


Pronounced. 


Abadeyeh. 

Ahb-a-de-yeh. 

Abeih. 

Ahb-a-eh. 

Ain  Kunyeh. 

Akin-  Qunyeh. 

Ain  Zehalta. 

Ain-Zehal-ta. 

Aleih. 

Ah-lay. 

Baalbec. 

Ba-ahl-bec . 

Beirut. 

Bay-root. 

Deir-el  Ghazel. 

Dare-el-G  ha-zelle. 

Deir-el  Komr. 

Dare-il-  Qomer. 

Deir  Mimas. 

Dare  Mee-mas. 

El  Meena. 

El-mee-na. 

Hamath. 

Ham- ah. 

Hasbeya. 

Hasbey-ya. 

Hums. 

Hums. 

Jedeideh. 

Je-day-deh. 

Jezzeen. 

Djez-zeen. 

Jun. 

Boon. 

Kaleia. 

Ka-ldy-ah. 

Kanah. 

Qa-na. 

Keffeir. 

Kef-fare, 

49 


Kefr  Shima. 

Khiyam. 

Khureibeh. 

Maalaka. 

Mahardeh. 

Mejdeluna. 

Merj  Ayun. 

Meshghara. 

Minyara. 

Rasheiya. 

Salelieyeh. 

Shibaa. 

Shi  i  fa. 

Shweifat. 

Suk-el-Ghurb. 

Tripoli. 

Zahleh. 


Pronunciation. 

Kef-er  Sheema. 

Khe-yam. 

Khu-rei-beh. 

Ma-ahl-la-quh. 

Ma-har-deh. 

Mej-del-oonci. 

Merj-a-yoon. 

Mesh-gharah. 

Min-ya-ra. 

Ba-shay-ya. 

Sa-le-he-yeh. 

Shib-ah. 

Shlee-fa. 

Shwy-fat. 

Sook-il-Ghoorb. 

Trip-o-lee . 

Zah-leh. 


Turkish  Money  is  Used  in  Syria. 

Majeedie  (Ma-jeed-de),  about  ninety  cents. 

Piastre  (Pe-y aster),  about  four  cents. 

Lira  (Lee-ra)  a  gold  piece,  $4.50,  equal  to  an 

English  sovereign,  or  a  French  20  francs  piece,  $4.00. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

Bottle—  (Rotl.)  5|  lbs. 

Kuntar. —  (Qun-tarr.)  100  rottles. 

Drad. —  (Drah-ah.)  Three-quarters  of  a  yard. 


50 


Distance. 

Distances  are  measured  by  hours  and  days. 

Hour  of  a  loaded  mule’s  travel,  3  miles  or  less. 
Day  of  a  loaded  mule’s  travel,  25  miles. 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 

Pronunciation. 

Ab-a.  Ahb-a.  Peasant’s  outer  cloak. 

Allah.  Ul-lah.  God. 

Argeleh.  Ar-gee-leh.  Hubble-bubble,  a  pipe. 
Bakh-sheesh.  Present,  or  fee. 

Beclawin.  Bed-a-ween.  Wandering  tribes  of  the 


Beit. 

Bait. 

Dcir. 

Dare. 

Dibs. 

Effendi. 

Ef-fendee. 

Ezar. 

E-zaar. 

Firman. 

Injeel. 

Issam  Allah. 

Kadi. 

Qua -dee. 

Kham, 

K  han. 
Kibby. 


desert. 

House. 

Convent. 

Native  molasses. 

Term  of  respect — Esq. 

Sheet  covering  wrapped 
about  women  out  of 
doors. 

A  grant  or  order  from 
the  government. 

Gospel,  used  also  for  New 
Testament. 

“  In  the  name  of  God.” 

Moslem  judge. 

Cotton  cloth. 

Inn. 

Cracked  wheat  and  meat 
pounded  together. 


51 


Pronunciation. 


Khowaja. 

Kho-wa-i 

djah.  Gentleman. 

Koukab. 

Children’s  monthly  paper. 

Lahaf. 

Padded  quilt. 

Leben. 

Milk  curdled  by  a  leaven- 
ening  process. 

Mandeel . 

Veil  worn  over  face. 

Meena. 

Mee-na. 

Harbor  and  seaport  town. 

Mudir. 

Mu-deer. 

Local  governor. 

Mufti. 

Muf-teh. 

Expounder  of  Moslem  law. 

Neshra. 

A  Religious  and  scientific 
journal. 

Semmin. 

Melted  butter. 

Sheikh. 

Shay-kh. 

Head  man  of  village. 

Shem-el-Howa.  Shem-il-howa.  Pic-nic,  “  Enjoying 

the  air.” 

Sibby. 

Boy.  • 

Sirocco. 

Si-rocco. 

A  hot  eastern  wind. 

Sitt. 

Sit. 

Lady. 

Tanjura. 

Brass  saucepan. 

Tarboosh. 

Cap  or  fez. 

Wady. 

Wa-deh.  A  water  course,  dry  in  summer. 

Salutations. 

“ Salaam .”  Sa-lam.  “Peace.” 

“ Sab’-bah’Jcum-bil-Kheir Sa-bah-il-Kir.  “Good 

morning.” 

“Mes’edkum  bit  Kheir.”  “Good  evening.” 

“ Kaif-hal-luk .”  Kef-hal-luk.  “How  do  you  do?” 

“  TJuddulu.”  T’fud-du-lee.  Term  of  invitation  or 

welcome. 

“Na’ha’rik  Saa’ide”  “  May  you  be  happy.” 

“Go  in  peace.” 


“  Maa  is  sa,laa,mie.v 


52 


The  Syrian  form  of  greeting  is  to  advance  toward 
each  other,  lightly  touch  the  tips  of  each  other’s 
lingers  (always  the  right  hand),  then  each  rapidly 
touches  his  own  breast,  lips  and  forehead.  The 
same  is  done  at  parting. 

St.  John  3d  chapter ,  16th  verse.  (In  Arabic.) 


k 


) 


\ 

\ 


QUESTION  BOOI^  SERIES. 


SIAM  AND  LAOS, 

SOUTH  AMERICA, 

JAPAN, 

CHINESE  IN  AMERICA, 
SYRIA, 

CHINA, 

MEXICO, 

NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS, 
INDIA, 

AFRICA, 

PERSIA. 

Five  Cents  each.  Fifty  Cents  per  set  of  Eleven. 


FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  CATECHISM. 
Two  Cents  each.  Fifteen  Cents  per  Dozen. 


